Leukocytes in the blood during pregnancy: norm and reasons for the increase

The leukocyte rate during pregnancy is slightly higher than the rate in other people. This is due to the fact that a woman’s body during this period requires greater activation of its defenses. However, significant deviations from the norm of this indicator may indicate the development of certain diseases or pathologies of pregnancy. Therefore, the expectant mother repeatedly undergoes tests to determine the level of leukocytes. Leukocytes during pregnancy are determined in urine, blood and vaginal smear.

What it is

Leukocytes (white blood cells) are part of the body's immune defense. They are activated when various foreign microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites) enter the human body. There are several types of leukocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes), each of which performs its own functions in the body.

The number of leukocytes in the blood constantly changes slightly. It depends on seasonal and climatic conditions, time of day, food consumed, the presence of diseases, mental and physical activity.

Blood test for leukocytes in pregnant women

When registering with the antenatal clinic, the doctor introduces the pregnant woman to the program of her observation and examination, including the need to undergo routine tests.

One of the important and informative methods of examining pregnant women is a general or clinical examination of blood samples, part of which is the analysis of the so-called white blood cells, leukocytes.

The term leukocytes is usually used to designate a collection of cells, blood cells, whose function is to provide recognition, neutralization, and protection from foreign elements foreign to the body, including viral, bacterial nature, and its own abnormal cells.

Leukocyte analysis includes:

Determination of their absolute content
Determination of the leukocyte formula, namely the percentage of cells included in the group of leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)

The need for this analysis for pregnant women is due to its diagnostic information content:

As an indicator of general health
As an indicator of a woman’s immune status
As an indicator of the presence of various kinds of pathological processes (infections, inflammations, blood diseases, intoxications, failure of various organs, allergic reactions, malignant neoplasms)
As an indicator of exacerbations of existing diseases
As an indicator of unforeseen complications during pregnancy
As an indicator of the progress of pregnancy over time, including when prescribing any medications

The recommended time frame for completing the analysis is:

Up to 12 weeks, upon initial visit to the antenatal clinic
At 20-22 weeks
At 28-30 weeks
Before the actual birth

There are certain requirements for preparing for the test:

Blood sampling must be preceded by a break in food intake (at least ten hours)
It is advisable to take the test in the morning, before undergoing any procedures or examinations, in a calm state
Avoid taking medications and notify your doctor
Subsequent tests should preferably be carried out at the same hours, if possible in the same laboratory

The condition of a pregnant woman may be a reason for a recommendation to undergo additional tests for leukocytes, most often this happens during the period corresponding to the second half of pregnancy.

From the proposed video, learn about the role of leukocytes in the body.

White blood cells in a vaginal smear

The usual test during a woman’s pregnancy is a vaginal smear for flora. This study makes it possible to understand what diseases of the genital organs a pregnant woman has. The main indicator of this analysis is the number of leukocytes.

The first time a vaginal smear for flora is taken from a pregnant woman immediately after she registers at the antenatal clinic. If the result is within normal limits, then the next test is performed at 30 weeks of pregnancy.

The normal level of white blood cells that a vaginal smear should show is from 10 to 20 units within the field of view of the microscope. If this indicator is higher than normal, this indicates that some kind of infectious disease is developing in the body or there is an inflammatory process. This is quite dangerous for a pregnant woman and can lead to pathologies in the development of the fetus and disruption of the normal course of pregnancy.

The most common causes of elevated levels of white blood cells in a vaginal smear:

Fungal infection (candidiasis, or thrush).
Inflammatory processes that affect the vaginal mucosa, for example, colpitis.
Vaginal dysbiosis – vaginosis.
Sexually transmitted infections.

The norm of leukocytes in the blood of pregnant women

The concept of “normal leukocytes in the blood of pregnant women” corresponds to values from 4.0 to 11.0 x 9·109 /l, while the upper permissible limit of 15.0 x 9·109 /l is still considered to correspond to the norm.

For comparison, for adults the norm is considered to be values from 4.0 to 9.0 x 9·109 /l, values for non-pregnant women are in the range from 4.0 to 8.8.

The leukocyte content in the blood normally reaches its maximum values in the second trimester of pregnancy - the average value is 10.5 compared to 10.2; 10.4 and 7.4, respectively, in the first and third trimester, in non-pregnant women.

In addition to the indicator of the absolute content of leukocytes, the determination of the leukocyte formula takes into account the average indicators of the content of monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, granulocytes, immature, atypical forms.

A slight increase in the leukocyte count during pregnancy is caused by processes occurring in a woman’s body that affect her immune status, hematopoietic system, and endocrine system, which should provide the best conditions for the development of the fetus.

There are a number of factors to consider that may affect your results:

Technical reasons - the source of the material taken for analysis (capillary or venous blood); storage time for samples before analysis; actual method of analysis
Physiological reasons – time of blood sampling (daily dynamics of leukocyte content); eating; emotional and physical stress; stressful situations; exposure to high or low temperature; various procedures and examinations

To obtain reliable test results, on the basis of which the doctor judges the woman’s condition and the nature of the pregnancy, it is advisable to exclude factors that distort the results, come for scheduled tests at approximately the same time in the morning, on an empty stomach, to the same laboratory, in a calm, balanced state.

What are leukocytes, and how are they determined in pregnant women?

Leukocytes are a kind of protectors of the circulatory system from viruses, foreign proteins and pathogenic microorganisms. Without these substances, our organs could not function normally. Their purpose plays a leading role in the formation, development and stability of the human immune system. The normal concentration of leukocytes in the blood of a healthy adult varies from 4 to 9 units.

Blood cells change their number in our blood throughout our lives. This value never remains the same. Moreover, even the most banal factors can affect the level of leukocytes - physical activity, stress, conflicts, unhealthy diet.

Elevated white blood cells are often observed during pregnancy. Their concentration is established not only in the blood, but also in urine and vaginal secretions. Leukocytes in a single analysis can indicate fundamentally different factors.

The leukocyte count during pregnancy is slightly higher than normal. But it should be understood that their “jump” can be not only a physiological, but also a pathological phenomenon. In addition, a sustained increase in blood cells can lead a pregnant woman to a dangerous disease - leukocytosis.

An increase in the number of leukocytes may be associated with the following pathologies:

Infectious diseases (in the vast majority of cases - chicken pox or acute pneumonia);
The presence of a persistent inflammatory process in the body of a pregnant woman;
Candidiasis (thrush);
Asthma;
Allergic and anaphylactic reactions;
Open wounds, bruises, burns on the body;
Excessive blood loss (particularly associated with hidden internal bleeding, for example, with placental abruption).

Physiological causes of leukocytosis can be:

Constant stress and psycho-emotional turmoil associated with anxiety about the child and conflicts in the family;
Eating a large meal the day before the test;
Thermal procedures on the eve of the test;
Anxiety during the test.

Leukocytes in urine during pregnancy should fluctuate between 0-3 units. If we are talking about a higher concentration of cells, this may signal an inflammatory process in the genitourinary organs of a pregnant woman.

This is especially common for girls suffering from chronic cystitis and pyelonephritis. During pregnancy, the disease, as a rule, worsens, which is the impetus for a sharp increase in corpuscles.

In addition, an increase in them in the urine can signal the onset of an infection in the internal genital organs. This can be any disease of the TORCH complex, or a less dangerous pathology.

The expectant mother is immediately sent for all the necessary studies to confirm or exclude the preliminary diagnosis, since some diseases of the reproductive system can adversely affect the formation of the fetus, including the development of deformities.

It must be remembered that the norm may be exceeded due to unsatisfactory intimate hygiene. Therefore, before going for a urine test, it is necessary to carry out all the “sanitary” procedures.

The number of leukocytes in vaginal secretions should not exceed 10 units. Otherwise, it may indicate sexually transmitted infections. Leukocytes in a smear during pregnancy can signal an exacerbation of chronic genital infections, colpitis, vaginitis, salpingo-oophoritis.

Another common reason for an increase in the concentration of bodies in mucus is the presence of candidiasis (thrush), and a violation of the natural microflora of the vagina. Even if you previously knew about thrush only theoretically, pregnancy (namely, hormonal fluctuations due to its cause) could begin to “introduce” you to an uncomfortable pathology in itself.

It is extremely important not to miss this moment. Only adequately selected treatment for a fungal disease will be safe for you and your baby. And only a qualified specialist can select medications for you that will save you from the evolution of candidiasis into a chronic form, and therefore protect you from further relapses.

Elevated leukocytes in the blood during pregnancy are considered a relative norm only in the second trimester. In other cases, they indicate the presence of inflammation, viral, purulent or bacterial infection in the body of the expectant mother.

The gynecologist leading the pregnancy will refer you to a number of other related studies in order to establish the exact cause of this process and protect the baby from its harmful effects. If measures are not taken, you may develop leukocytosis, which is notable for its particularly rapid development in the pregnant body.

If your tests show “disappointing” results, as you think, do not rush to panic. Pregnant women are extremely vulnerable and vulnerable to everything that is associated with danger to the unborn child. But by being afraid of everything, you provide the body with enormous stress, which also negatively affects the development of the baby. Look at things adequately.

Your doctor will definitely refer you to all diagnostic tests to find out the exact causes of the deviation. And in the vast majority of diseases associated with an increase in white blood cells during pregnancy, there is nothing to worry about - it is enough to identify and treat them in time. Be healthy and happy as you prepare for motherhood!

Source: mjusli.ru

Increased level

An increase in the content of leukocytes in blood samples, detected during routine tests in pregnant women, exceeding the permissible upper limits of the norm is interpreted by the doctor as a pathological condition, leukocytosis.

It is differentiated from the state of physiological leukocytosis, which occurs when donating blood after eating, under stress, exposure to cold or high temperature.

The level of leukocytes in the blood exceeding the normal level may be a consequence of:

Infectious diseases of viral, bacterial, fungal nature, such as pneumonia, sepsis, pyelonephritis
Infections in which primarily the cells of the immune system are affected (infectious mononucleosis and lymphocytosis)
Systemic diseases – rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus
Neoplasms of a malignant nature
Inflammatory processes of different localization (otitis, pleurisy, appendicitis, peritonitis, abscesses)
Intoxications, including those caused by diabetic acidosis, uremia, gout
Allergic reactions to various factors
Hidden bleeding

When deciphering the results of blood tests and detecting elevated levels of leukocytes, the doctor first takes steps to find out the cause of this condition, and then ways to eliminate it, selecting the most adequate treatment.

Elevated levels of leukocytes in the blood of women during pregnancy can cause significant harm to the health of the woman and the fetus.

Pregnancy management tactics

A change in the number of leukocytes is not a diagnosis. It is impossible to determine the cause of this phenomenon only on the basis of a general blood test. It is possible to assess a woman’s condition and decide on treatment tactics only after examination:

blood chemistry;
coagulogram;
examination for infections (including HIV, hepatitis, syphilis, STIs);
general urine analysis.

According to indications, the doctor prescribes an ultrasound of the abdominal organs and kidneys. Evaluates hormonal levels - the function of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands. The condition of the fetus can be determined by ultrasound with Doppler ultrasound. After 32 weeks, CTG is indicated.

Further management of the woman depends on the diagnosis. Treatment is selected taking into account the duration of pregnancy, concomitant diseases, and the condition of the fetus. According to indications, a consultation with narrow specialists is prescribed. If a chronic pathology is detected, observation continues after birth.

Reduced level

Deviations from the norm in the content of leukocytes in the blood towards their lower level also represent a pathological process and are called leukopenia.

Events of this kind may be the result of inhibition of the actual process in which the formation of these formed elements in the bone marrow occurs, or their subsequent destruction.

Leukopenia may be a consequence of:

Hypoplastic or aplastic diseases occurring in the bone marrow
Exposure to ionizing radiation, chemicals that cause damage to the bone marrow
Infectious diseases (malaria, typhoid fever, rubella, viral hepatitis, influenza, measles)
Diseases characterized by increased function of the spleen, in which destruction of leukocytes occurs (liver cirrhosis, tuberculosis)
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Anemia
Effects of anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor drugs
Oncological processes

Timely detection of low levels of leukocytes using a blood test and selection of appropriate treatment with constant monitoring of the dynamics of this indicator is an extremely important stage in the management of a pregnant woman, the purpose of which is to prevent a threat to the unborn child.

From the moment the fact of pregnancy is established, a crucial period begins for the expectant mother, during which she is faced with the task of not only carefully monitoring her own health, but also taking all the necessary steps to carry and then give birth to a healthy child.

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells (WBC) are cells that can protect the body from harmful bacteria and infections. These cells can move both in the bloodstream and with the help of their own pseudopods. The site of WBC formation is the bone marrow.

But how do cells protect the body? When harmful bacteria enter the body, WBC surround and block the “enemies”. When the “enemy” is small in size, then the leukocyte independently absorbs the harmful bacteria. In the event of a major threat, WBC unite in a group and capture the intruder in a ring for the purpose of destruction (phagocytosis). As a result, pus forms at the site of the wound or inflammation - these are dead leukocytes that have worked through harmful toxins.

In addition, leukocytes perform additional functions, namely:

Purification – after the “enemy” is destroyed, foreign elements and harmful bacteria are disposed of.
Antibody production – the body develops immunity to some previously suffered pathologies.
Positive effect on metabolism - leukocytes supply organs and tissues with the necessary (missing) hormones.

In addition, leukocytes are divided into granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and agranulocytes - monocytes, lymphocytes. Through a clinical (advanced) blood test, it is possible to identify the total number of leukocytes, as well as the ratio of these cells to each other.

Important! An increase in leukocytes in medicine is called leukocytosis, and a decrease is leukopenia.

Deviations of leukocyte levels from norms and causes

An increase or decrease in the level of leukocytes indicates the development of diseases.

Elevated white blood cells during pregnancy

There are many reasons for the increase in leukocytes in the blood during pregnancy:

the presence of an inflammatory process in the body (meningitis, pneumonia, cholecystitis, etc.);
diseases of the urinary system;
bleeding and various injuries (fractures, burns, wounds, etc.);
allergy;
inflammation accompanied by the release of pus (peritonitis);
neoplasms.

An increase in the level of leukocytes in the urine during pregnancy indicates the development of inflammation in the organs of the urinary system: cystitis, pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, etc. In addition to diseases, a constant fullness of the bladder often leads to an increase in the number of white blood cells in urine.

An increase in leukocytes in a smear during pregnancy indicates the presence of hidden infections:

thrush (candidiasis) is a disease caused by fungi;
endometritis is an inflammatory process that affects the uterine mucosa;
vaginal dysbiosis;
urethritis - the presence of inflammation in the urethra;
cervicitis – inflammation in the cervical canal;
neoplasms (benign or malignant);
adnexitis - inflammation that affects the fallopian tubes and ovaries;
infections that are transmitted through sexual intercourse (chlamydia, syphilis, etc.).

Low white blood cells during pregnancy

In some cases, the level of white blood cells in the blood decreases. This phenomenon also indicates the development of pathologies. The reasons for the decrease are: influenza, rubella, measles, hepatitis, kidney failure, colitis, gastritis, endocrine system disorders.

Norm of leukocytes by trimesters of pregnancy

Throughout life, the norm of leukocytes in the blood tends to change; with age, the normal level increases. During the period of bearing a child, this coefficient also increases. This is due to the fact that during this period the body needs the greatest activation of protective functions. But any discrepancy with the norm may indicate inflammation and pathologies in the body of the expectant mother.

In a healthy adult, the normal white blood cell count ranges from 4 to 6x109/L. For pregnant women, the norm is:

In the first trimester: 4 – 7x109/l
In the second trimester: 7.6 – 10x109/l
In the third trimester: 10.4 - 12 x109/l

From the second trimester, a woman’s white blood cells gradually increase. This is explained by the fact that the body during this period seeks to increase protection, and also by the fact that the number of white cells increases in the uterine area.

It is allowed to increase the number of leukocytes to 15 x109/l.

But with such indicators, the attending physician must, using laboratory diagnostics, investigate the presence of any diseases.

If the cell count is more than 15 x109/l, the doctor prescribes a detailed examination to identify the reasons for such a rapid increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood. Since an excess of cells during pregnancy can cause harm to both the mother and the fetus.

High white blood cell count in pregnant women

An increased level of white blood cells in the blood may indicate the development of inflammation or disease

Often, when a pregnant woman experiences an increase in white blood cells, this indicates a dangerous symptom. Since this coefficient may indicate the development of a bacterial or viral infection, internal bleeding or purulent processes. To find out the true cause, additional examinations are prescribed.

An increased level of white cells can be associated not only with pathologies, but also with physiological reasons:

Excessive physical activity.
Stress and anxiety, typical for expectant mothers and associated with worry about the child.
Prolonged exposure to the cold, which causes hypothermia.
Specifics of nutrition: when carbohydrates are in advantage.
Hormonal imbalances that can lead to blood thickening.
Eat a hearty meal before the test.
Hyperthermia of the body.
Anxiety during blood collection.

If the level of leukocytes in the expectant mother is elevated, the doctor will certainly prescribe repeated examinations. If the number of white cells only increases, then this may indicate the development of certain pathologies. These include:

Infectious diseases (chickenpox, influenza, hepatitis, pneumonia, etc.).
Purulent inflammation (sepsis, abscess, peritonitis).
Non-infectious inflammations.
Hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis, inflammation of the respiratory tract).
Autoallergy.
Open wounds, injuries.
Large amounts of blood loss (internal bleeding).
Thrush.
Malignant neoplasms.

Unfortunately, there is a possibility of leukocytosis, in which the bone marrow produces an excessive amount of white cells. This disease tends to resolve spontaneously, and may even develop into hyperleukocytosis. This is a dangerous disease that can lead to serious dysfunction of many systems and organs. For this reason, the disease requires careful medical supervision.

Experts note that the main reasons for the increase in leukocytes in the blood of expectant mothers are inflammatory and allergic processes, prolonged use of medications, worsening chronic diseases, and pain attacks in the lumbar region.

Reasons for low levels of leukocytes in the blood

To identify the cause of leukopenia, it is necessary to undergo additional examinations

In pregnant women, the leukocyte count may be underestimated. This condition is called leukopenia, which is characterized by fever, exhaustion, headaches, pneumonia, and blood infection.

A low white blood cell count in pregnant women may occur if:

There are viral diseases (hepatitis, malaria, rubella, tuberculosis).
The body becomes intoxicated with chemicals.
The body is affected by radiation (X-rays, microwave radiation).
The expectant mother has poor nutrition; her body does not receive enough nutrients, microelements and vitamins.
There was a loss of a significant number of leukocytes due to bleeding and burns.
Medicines are being taken.
There is an allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).
Leukopoiesis disorder.

All processes in the body are interconnected. For this reason, it is necessary to more carefully monitor indicators during pregnancy. It is important to follow the recommendations of the gynecologist. After all, it is better to prevent pathology than to treat it later in order to avoid serious consequences.

Only an experienced doctor can treat leukopenia during pregnancy so as not to harm the unborn child.

The woman, in turn, must follow the following instructions:

Constantly see a doctor.
Take the necessary tests.
Strictly listen to the recommendations and instructions of your doctor.
Eat varied, balanced and as healthy as possible.
Take walks in the fresh air.
Raise immunity.

Leukocytes in the blood during pregnancy: causes of abnormalities

The materials are published for informational purposes only and are not a prescription for treatment! We recommend that you consult a hematologist at your medical institution!

Co-authors: Natalya Viktorovna Markovets, hematologist

Leukocytes are one of the most important blood indicators, quickly responding to minimal changes occurring in the body. It is especially important to monitor them during pregnancy, because we are talking about the life and health of not one, but two people. The reasons for changes in the number of white blood cells are varied.

Content:

During pregnancy, monthly blood testing is mandatory. One of the most important indicators of immunity and processes occurring in the body is the rate of leukocytes in the blood during pregnancy.

Leukocytes are the very first cells in the body that provide an immune response. Read more about the norms of leukocytes in adults in our previous material. Their quantity varies in the blood from 4.5 to 9.5*10 9 /l. In normal physical condition, leukocytes in the blood during pregnancy should not go beyond this range.

How to prepare for a blood test during pregnancy?

The test is taken in the morning, ideally on an empty stomach. However, for expectant mothers, an indulgence in the form of a light breakfast is possible. It is better to get to the laboratory between 6 and 10 am.
The day before, refrain from eating fatty, salty, spicy foods, as well as alcoholic beverages.
In the morning before going to the laboratory, do not take a hot bath - replace it with a warm shower.
Avoid physical and emotional stress. They can distort the analysis result.
Protect yourself from hypothermia. They can also worsen the overall picture of the analysis results.

The effect of pregnancy on blood counts

The only case when leukocytes can increase, which is not considered a serious pathology, is the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. This is due to the acceleration of fetal growth and preparation for delivery.

Important! You should be concerned when a pregnant woman has elevated leukocytes of 15*109/l or more. It is necessary to consult a doctor as soon as possible to find out the cause.

Leukocyte under an electron microscope

In the early stages, leukocytosis is an alarming symptom. It indicates a persistent or worsening infection. A large number of leukocytes in a pregnant woman can contribute to the threat of miscarriage.

As you know, during pregnancy, due to major hormonal changes in the body, chronic or previously inactive pathology begins to worsen and worsen. Therefore, to prevent infectious and other complications, before planning childbirth, it is necessary to undergo a thorough examination: ultrasound, blood and urine tests, MRI, x-rays, etc.

Leukocytes are round cells with a size of 7-20 microns, consisting of a nucleus, homogeneous or granular protoplasm. They are called white blood cells because of their lack of color. And also granulocytes due to the presence of granules in the cytoplasm or agranulocytes due to the absence of granularity. In a calm state, white blood cells penetrate the walls of blood vessels and exit the bloodstream.

Physiological reasons for the increase

The only case when leukocytes can increase, which is not considered a serious pathology, is the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy.
This is due to the acceleration of fetal growth and preparation for delivery. Leukocyte under an electron microscope

As you know, during pregnancy, due to major hormonal changes in the body, chronic or previously inactive pathology begins to worsen and worsen.

Therefore, to prevent infectious and other complications, before planning childbirth, it is necessary to undergo a thorough examination: ultrasound, blood and urine tests, MRI, x-rays, etc.

We also recommend studying this topic:

Leukocytes in the blood: where they are formed and what they are responsible for in the body

Leukocytosis is not a specific sign of any disease. But it signals that the process of fighting a foreign agent or pathological process is underway. Therefore, the causes of leukocytosis may be the following:

psycho-emotional stress and nervous tension;
increased physical activity;
any infectious pathology;

We have previously written about the norm of leukocytes in the blood of children and recommended bookmarking this article.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush) in women

exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases (gastritis, hepatitis, pyelonephritis). Inflammatory diseases of the kidneys, urinary system, and pelvic organs are especially aggravated during pregnancy;
allergic reactions;
threat of miscarriage and/or premature placental abruption;
blood loss for various reasons;
poor nutrition or errors in diet.

A lack of white blood cells during pregnancy - leukopenia - is an even more alarming symptom than leukocytosis. Low white blood cells in a pregnant woman indicate a decreased immune response and a weak reaction to external antigens.

The causes of leukopenia may be the following:

malignant tumors of the bone marrow responsible for hematopoiesis;
HIV infection;
weakened immunity due to long-term chronic infections;
endocrine disorders (hyperthyroidism and hypercortisolism);
long-term use of medications (antibiotics, cytostatics, hormonal drugs).

Getting a blood smear from your finger is not a scary procedure at all.

Blood is the connective tissue of the body, found in every organ. She is the first to react to any pathology by changing the ratio and quantity of formed elements. Therefore, a blood test is the first step in diagnosing diseases.

During pregnancy, every woman should monitor the level of leukocytes, since these cells protect a weakened body from inflammatory processes and pathologies that can negatively affect the condition of the woman and the growing fetus.

The optimal WBC level among pregnant women is 12-15*109/l. Such an increase is not considered a deviation from the norm and therefore does not require additional treatment.

The leukocyte level by trimester is as follows (in *109/l):

1st trimester: 4-7.
2nd trimester: 7-10 (sometimes up to 15).
3rd trimester: 10-12.

With a significant increase in WBC, it is worth monitoring the woman’s condition, because such a deviation leads to premature birth.

The level of leukocytes in pregnant women can be determined by doing a general urine test. This test is performed at every scheduled visit to the gynecologist. In the first trimester of pregnancy, urine is taken from the woman every month, in the second - once every two weeks, and in the last three months this analysis is carried out once a week.

The norm of leukocytes during pregnancy that fall into the field of view of a microscope is no more than three units. If this indicator is slightly higher than normal, it is advisable to do another urine test to verify the result.

It is very important to carry out all hygiene procedures related to the genitals before the analysis. The container in which urine will be collected must be sterile.

If the level of leukocytes is very elevated, you should be concerned, because this may indicate the development of some kind of pathology. Most often, elevated white blood cells are an indicator of diseases of the genitourinary tract (cystitis and other diseases or inflammatory processes).

A fairly common cause of increased white blood cell levels is a fungal infection, namely candidiasis (thrush). This type of fungus is a very common occurrence in pregnant women, because it is directly related to the weakening of the body’s immune system during this difficult period.

The most serious and dangerous disease, in which the level of leukocytes significantly increases, is pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys caused by certain bacteria).

If the leukocyte level is elevated, the doctor should prescribe additional examinations for the pregnant woman: urine tests performed using special technologies (Nechiporenko, Zemnitsky), as well as ultrasound.

Whether there is leukocytosis or not can be determined by performing a blood test. The normal number of these cells in the blood of a pregnant woman is from 4 to 15 per liter of blood.

Viral and bacterial inflammations.
Hemorrhages from internal organs.
Significant intoxication.
Kidney diseases, such as kidney failure.
Anemia.
Allergic reactions.
Injuries or burns.

Also, an excess of the norm of white blood cells can be shown by an analysis carried out earlier than three hours after a meal. Therefore, you must come to the laboratory in the morning and donate blood on an empty stomach.

However, in addition to being elevated, the level of leukocytes may also be reduced. Reasons for low white blood cell counts may include:

Illnesses caused by viruses and infections, such as influenza, malaria, measles, tuberculosis or hepatitis.
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract - gastritis, colitis.
Pathologies of the endocrine system.
Kidney diseases.
Diseases with discharge of pus.
General exhaustion of the body.

If any deviation from the normal level of leukocytes is detected in a woman’s body, the doctor will definitely prescribe additional examinations, for example, a repeat blood test, urine test, or ultrasound. In some situations, other studies are also prescribed.

The first time a vaginal smear for flora is taken from a pregnant woman immediately after she registers at the antenatal clinic. If the result is within normal limits, then the next test is performed at 30 weeks of pregnancy.

The most common causes of elevated levels of white blood cells in a vaginal smear:

Fungal infection (candidiasis, or thrush).
Inflammatory processes that affect the vaginal mucosa, for example, colpitis.
Vaginal dysbiosis - vaginosis.
Sexually transmitted infections.

Normally, a person’s blood contains from 4 to 8.8x109/l leukocytes.

Their content depends on many factors:

seasonal and climatic conditions;
consumed products;
age (in a newborn - 30 units, which by 7-8 years decreases to the adult norm);
time of day (in the evening their number increases);
from physical and mental activity;
the presence of diseases (the indicator 9.0x109/l indicates leukocytosis, and if it is below 4, it indicates leukopenia);
pregnancy.

To determine the pathological process in the body by the percentage of types of leukocytes, the leukocyte formula, or leukogram, is used.

Pregnancy is characterized by an increase in the normal level of leukocytes in the blood from 4.0 to 11.0 units to 15.0x10 in 9/l, which is due to the activation of the protective forces of the body of the expectant mother, an increase in the degree of erythrocyte sedimentation, that is, thickening of the blood during pregnancy, accumulation there are a large number of leukocytes in the uterus, a decrease in the level of lymphocytes. In addition, this is necessary to stimulate the contractile functions of the uterus.

In addition, the level of leukocytes in the blood during pregnancy may indicate:

about inflammatory diseases;
bacterial and viral infections;
intoxication of the body;
large blood loss;
bleeding in internal organs;
allergies;
anemia;
liver diseases.

In addition, it has been proven that the level of leukocytes in the blood increases:

at the end of the period of interest;
impurities and other bleeding;
during childbirth;
with muscle tension;
burns;
injuries;
under stress and great emotional stress;
sensations of pain;
2 hours after eating;
after taking a hot or cold bath.

Causes of increased leukocytes during pregnancy

psycho-emotional stress and nervous tension;
increased physical activity;
any infectious pathology;

We have previously written about the norm of leukocytes in the blood of children and recommended bookmarking this article.

Important! Exacerbating sexually transmitted infections acquired before the conception of a child are especially manifested by leukocytosis. For example, a combination of chlamydia, ureaplasmosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis during pregnancy can give an exorbitant increase in white blood cells.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush) in women

exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases (gastritis, hepatitis, pyelonephritis). Inflammatory diseases of the kidneys, urinary system, and pelvic organs are especially aggravated during pregnancy;
allergic reactions;
threat of miscarriage and/or premature placental abruption;
blood loss for various reasons;
poor nutrition or errors in diet.

Why donate urine so often during pregnancy?

Pregnant women must take a urine test before each visit to their doctor at the antenatal clinic. The fact is that during the growth of the fetus, the uterus increases quite significantly in size and can put pressure on neighboring organs. The kidneys are in close proximity to the enlarged uterus and may suffer from its excessive pressure.

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The urine that forms in them must be constantly excreted. This requires free outflow, and if it is disrupted, then an infection quickly develops in such a kidney. In this case, leukocytes appear in the urine. The norm in women in the urine is from 0 to 6 cells in the field of view.

With a slight increase in leukocytes in the urine to 10-15 in the field of view, we can talk about the initial processes of inflammation. In this case, measures should be taken immediately to eliminate it. If the number of leukocytes has increased to 30-50 in the field of view, this may indicate purulent processes in the kidneys or bladder (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, cystitis). Such processes occur in pregnant women 5 times more often than in other people, and the reason is excessive pressure from the uterus on the bladder and kidneys, which disrupts the free flow of urine. The doctor managing the pregnancy will most likely suggest hospitalization if leukocytes in the urine are significantly elevated. The norm for women in this analysis is from 0 to 6 in the visual field. Any increase in leukocytes in the urine requires additional examination.

In addition, a urine test evaluates the presence of protein. Normally it should be absent. The appearance of protein in the urine of a pregnant woman may be a sign of inflammatory diseases of the urinary system or late toxicosis (preeclampsia).

Preeclampsia is a very dangerous condition that can develop in the second half of pregnancy. Signs of gestosis:

protein in urine;
high blood pressure (above 140/90 mmHg);
swelling.

This condition requires urgent hospitalization and treatment.

Laboratory diagnosis of leukocytosis

In pregnant women, leukocytes in a blood smear are examined under a microscope. Their number in the field of view, structure and volume are assessed. With leukocytosis, immature forms begin to emerge into the blood due to the accelerated synthesis of blood cells in the bone marrow.

A clinical blood test must be taken in the morning and on an empty stomach, when the woman is calm and external influences are still minimal.

Important! All substances and formed elements pass from mother to child through the bloodstream. Therefore, increased white blood cells during pregnancy can affect the health of the unborn child - from inflammatory diseases from birth to serious congenital anomalies.

This is what leukocytes look like on a blood smear

The level of leukocytes in the blood is an important indicator of health. An increase or decrease in their concentration signals the development of a particular pathological process in the body. The leukocyte formula in men and women has differences associated with physiological characteristics.

Diagnostics

In pregnant women, leukocytes in a blood smear are examined under a microscope. Their number in the field of view, structure and volume are assessed. With leukocytosis, immature forms begin to emerge into the blood due to the accelerated synthesis of blood cells in the bone marrow.

A clinical blood test must be taken in the morning and on an empty stomach, when the woman is calm and external influences are still minimal.

This is what leukocytes look like on a blood smear

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Norm of leukocytes in men and women, reasons for increase and decrease

As soon as strange symptoms appear, you should immediately seek help from a doctor. The first thing you should do is visit a gynecologist and tell him about the problem that is bothering you. Typically, this is followed by testing. It is necessary to determine the level of leukocytes. Based on the data obtained, the patient is sent for additional examinations. It is necessary to identify the true cause of this condition and weigh the possible risks.

In order to make a correct diagnosis, you need to visit an infectious disease specialist and an allergist. This will reveal the true cause of this condition.

Diagnostic examinations may include a number of activities. As mentioned above, the first step is a general blood test. After which they resort to a detailed blood test. A peripheral blood smear is then performed. A biopsy of the bone marrow and lymph nodes is done. But such techniques are used only in extreme cases. A similar requirement applies to spleen and liver biopsies.

[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25]

Analyzes

Cellular immunity is the work of special cells that perform protective functions. As soon as the moment of danger comes, they mobilize their forces and increase the number of cells. This is why the level of leukocytes increases. After all, to combat the inflammatory process there must be a lot of them.

An upward deviation of blood cells from the norm is called leukocytosis, and a downward deviation is called leukopenia. The causes of this phenomenon can be both physiological and pathological. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly undergo examination and donate blood for tests.

An increase in the level of leukocytes can be observed after eating. Therefore, it is necessary to take a general blood test on an empty stomach. A woman simply needs to visit the laboratory, submit the material for examination and wait for the results. Thanks to it, it will be possible to prevent a number of unfavorable events.

[26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36]

Various types of research are used for diagnostic purposes. Thus, ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs is widely used. This will allow you to notice all kinds of neoplasms or any pathological processes. The technique is highly effective and safe. It is based on the body's ability to reflect sound waves. This process is perceived by a special sensor and, after processing by a computer, displays the image on the screen.

In addition to ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound is often used. This technique is also based on the principle of ultrasonic waves. It allows you to accurately detect the presence and speed of blood flow. The principle of the method is based on the emission of ultrasonic waves reflected in each vessel under study. Depending on a particular lesion, the affected area will change color. This is a very convenient way of diagnosing.

This diagnostic method includes two types of blood tests. The simplest and most informative is a general blood test. It will allow you to accurately and quickly determine the cellular composition of peripheral blood. The material is collected in the morning, on an empty stomach. Naturally, the entire event should be held in a specially equipped room.

As a rule, blood is taken from the ring finger of the left hand. To do this, the tip of the finger is carefully treated with alcohol-based cotton wool. Then a puncture is made to a depth of 2-4 mm. The resulting blood is transferred into a test tube. This method allows you to calculate the number of blood cells, reticulocytes, total hemoglobin, hematocrit.

Biochemical blood test is another mandatory type of differential diagnosis. Thanks to it, you can determine the amount of substances in the blood. The material is collected from the ulnar or radial saphenous vein. To do this, the patient needs to sit on a chair and put his hand on the back. The nurse tightens the limb with a tourniquet and asks the person to work with his fist. Once the location of the vein is determined, the blood collection site is treated with alcohol. The resulting material is transferred to a test tube.

[37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42]

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